400 دانشگاه برتر دنیا در سال 2007

THES - QS World University Rankings 2007 - Top 400 Universities

Discover the brand new THES - QS World University Rankings. How do they compare to last year's rankings? And who is number one? Click the institute names to be directed to the profile of the chosen university.

Rank	School Name	Country
1	HARVARD University	United States
2=	YALE University	United States
2=	University of OXFORD	United Kingdom
2=	University of CAMBRIDGE	United Kingdom
5	Imperial College LONDON	United Kingdom
6	PRINCETON University	United States
7=	University of CHICAGO	United States
7=	CALIFORNIA Institute of Technology (Calt...	United States
9	UCL (University College LONDON)	United Kingdom
10	MASSACHUSETTS Institute of Technology (M...	United States
11	COLUMBIA University	United States
12	MCGILL University	Canada
13	DUKE University	United States
14	University of PENNSYLVANIA	United States
15	JOHNS HOPKINS University	United States
16	AUSTRALIAN National University	Australia
17	University of TOKYO	Japan
18	University of HONG KONG	Hong Kong
19	STANFORD University	United States
20=	CORNELL University	United States
20=	CARNEGIE MELLON University	United States
22	University of California, BERKELEY	United States
23	University of EDINBURGH	United Kingdom
24	King's College LONDON	United Kingdom
25	KYOTO University	Japan
26	Ecole Normale Supérieure, PARIS	France
27	University of MELBOURNE	Australia
28	ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE	France
29	NORTHWESTERN University	United States
30	University of MANCHESTER	United Kingdom
31	The University of SYDNEY	Australia
32	BROWN University	United States
33=	University of BRITISH COLUMBIA	Canada
33=	National University of SINGAPORE	Singapore
33=	University of QUEENSLAND	Australia
36	PEKING University	China
37	University of BRISTOL	United Kingdom
38=	The CHINESE University of Hong Kong	Hong Kong
38=	University of MICHIGAN	United States
40	TSINGHUA University	China
41	University of CALIFORNIA, Los Angeles (U...	United States
42	ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of T...	Switzerland
43	MONASH University	Australia
44	University of NEW SOUTH WALES	Australia
45	University of TORONTO	Canada
46	OSAKA University	Japan
47	BOSTON University	United States
48	University of AMSTERDAM	Netherlands
49	NEW YORK University (NYU)	United States
50	The University of AUCKLAND	New Zealand
51=	SEOUL National University	Korea, South
51=	University of TEXAS at Austin	United States
53=	HONG KONG University of Science & Techno...	Hong Kong
53=	TRINITY College Dublin	Ireland
55=	University of WISCONSIN-Madison	United States
55=	University of WASHINGTON	United States
57	University of WARWICK	United Kingdom
58	University of CALIFORNIA, San Diego	United States
59	LONDON School of Economics and Political...	United Kingdom
60	HEIDELBERG University	Germany
61	Katholieke Universiteit LEUVEN	Belgium
62	University of ADELAIDE	Australia
63	DELFT University of Technology	Netherlands
64	University of WESTERN AUSTRALIA	Australia
65=	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (...	Germany
65=	University of BIRMINGHAM	United Kingdom
67	Technische Universität MÜNCHEN	Germany
68	University of SHEFFIELD	United Kingdom
69	NANYANG Technological University	Singapore
70	University of NOTTINGHAM	United Kingdom
71=	DARTMOUTH College	United States
71=	UPPSALA University	Sweden
73	University of ILLINOIS	United States
74=	EMORY University	United States
74=	University of YORK	United Kingdom
76	University of ST ANDREWS	United Kingdom
77=	PURDUE University	United States
77=	University of PITTSBURGH	United States
79	University of MARYLAND	United States
80=	University of LEEDS	United Kingdom
80=	University of SOUTHAMPTON	United Kingdom
82	VANDERBILT University	United States
83	University of GLASGOW	United Kingdom
84	LEIDEN University	Netherlands
85=	CASE WESTERN RESERVE University	United States
85=	FUDAN University	China
85=	University of VIENNA	Austria
88	QUEEN'S University	Canada
89	UTRECHT University	Netherlands
90=	PENNSYLVANIA STATE University	United States
90=	TOKYO Institute of Technology	Japan
92	RICE University	United States
93=	University of MONTREAL	Canada
93=	University of COPENHAGEN	Denmark
95	University of ROCHESTER	United States
96	University of CALIFORNIA, Davis	United States
97=	GEORGIA Institute of Technology	United States
97=	University of ALBERTA	Canada
99	CARDIFF University	United Kingdom
100	University of HELSINKI	Finland
101	University of LIVERPOOL	United Kingdom
102=	GEORGETOWN University	United States
102=	National TAIWAN University	Taiwan
102=	TOHOKU University	Japan
105	University of GENEVA	Switzerland
106	LUND University	Sweden
107	University of COLORADO	United States
108	MCMASTER University	Canada
109	DURHAM University	United Kingdom
110	University of VIRGINIA	United States
111	MAASTRICHT University	Netherlands
112=	NAGOYA University	Japan
112=	University of WATERLOO	Canada
114=	University of BASEL	Switzerland
114=	University of OTAGO	New Zealand
114=	University of AARHUS	Denmark
117=	University of CALIFORNIA, Santa Barbara	United States
117=	Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LAUSANNE...	Switzerland
119	University of SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA	United States
120	OHIO STATE University	United States
121	University of SUSSEX	United Kingdom
122	TEXAS A&M University	United States
123	Université Catholique de LOUVAIN (UCL)	Belgium
124	University of GHENT	Belgium
125	NANJING University	China
126=	HUMBOLDT-Universität zu Berlin	Germany
126=	University of WESTERN ONTARIO	Canada
128	Hebrew University of JERUSALEM	Israel
129	NEWCASTLE University, NEWCASTLE Upon Tyn...	United Kingdom
130=	Technical University of DENMARK	Denmark
130=	EINDHOVEN University of Technology	Netherlands
132=	Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - PARIS...	France
132=	KOREA Advanced Institute of Science & Te...	Korea, South
134	University of ARIZONA	United States
135	University of FLORIDA	United States
136	KYUSHU University	Japan
137=	University of ABERDEEN	United Kingdom
137=	INDIANA University Bloomington	United States
139	SIMON FRASER University	Canada
140=	University of CALIFORNIA, Irvine	United States
140=	University of ZURICH	Switzerland
142=	University of MINNESOTA	United States
142=	Universität TÜBINGEN	Germany
144	Universität FREIBURG	Germany
145	University of BATH	United Kingdom
146	Freie Universität BERLIN	Germany
147	University of LANCASTER	United Kingdom
148	WAGENINGEN University	Netherlands
149=	Queen Mary, University of LONDON	United Kingdom
149=	CITY University of Hong Kong	Hong Kong
151=	HOKKAIDO University	Japan
151=	TEL AVIV University	Israel
151=	University of NORTH CAROLINA	United States
154	Université Libre de BRUXELLES (ULB)	Belgium
155=	University of NOTRE DAME	United States
155=	University of Science and Technology of ...	China
157	Ecole Normale Supérieure de LYON	France
158	CRANFIELD University	United Kingdom
159=	MICHIGAN STATE University	United States
159=	TUFTS University	United States
161=	KEIO University	Japan
161=	WASHINGTON University in St. Louis	United States
163=	SHANGHAI JIAO TONG University	China
163=	ERASMUS University Rotterdam	Netherlands
165	Universität STUTTGART	Germany
166=	University of CALGARY	Canada
166=	VIENNA University of Technology	Austria
168=	Universität GÖTTINGEN	Germany
168=	MACQUARIE University	Australia
170	HELSINKI University of Technology - TKK	Finland
171=	University of DUNDEE	United Kingdom
171=	Universität KARLSRUHE	Germany
173=	University of BOLOGNA	Italy
173=	University of GRONINGEN	Netherlands
175=	University of SAO PAULO	Brazil
175=	University of MASSACHUSETTS, Amherst	United States
177=	RUTGERS, The State University of New Jer...	United States
177=	University of CAMPINAS (Unicamp)	Brazil
177=	University College DUBLIN	Ireland
180=	WASEDA University	Japan
180=	University of READING	United Kingdom
182	Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochsc...	Germany
183	Università degli Studi di ROMA - La Sapi...	Italy
184	Université Louis Pasteur - STRASBOURG I	France
185=	University of LEICESTER	United Kingdom
185=	University of TWENTE	Netherlands
187	University of ANTWERP	Belgium
188=	University of CANTERBURY	New Zealand
188=	University of OSLO	Norway
190	University of SURREY	United Kingdom
191	RENSSELAER Polytechnic Institute	United States
192=	KTH, ROYAL Institute of Technology	Sweden
192=	Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ...	Mexico
194	University of BARCELONA	Spain
195=	Radboud Universiteit NIJMEGEN	Netherlands
195=	QUEENSLAND University of Technology	Australia
197=	CHALMERS University of Technology	Sweden
197=	KOBE University	Japan
199	University of WOLLONGONG	Australia
200=	University of CAPE TOWN	South Africa
200=	RMIT University	Australia
202	University of MIAMI	United States
203=	WAKE FOREST University	United States
203=	Technische Universität BERLIN	Germany
205=	LA TROBE University	Australia
205=	QUEEN'S University of Belfast	United Kingdom
207	University of IOWA	United States
208	BRANDEIS University	United States
209=	Universität FRANKFURT am Main	Germany
209=	ZHEJIANG University	China
209=	University of TSUKUBA	Japan
212	HIROSHIMA University	Japan
213	University of VICTORIA	Canada
214	University of BERN	Switzerland
215	University of NEWCASTLE	Australia
216	Universität HAMBURG	Germany
217	University of LAUSANNE	Switzerland
218	TULANE University	United States
219	University of CINCINNATI	United States
220	University of EXETER	United Kingdom
221=	ARIZONA STATE University	United States
221=	DALHOUSIE University	Canada
223	CHULALONGKORN University	Thailand
224	STONY BROOK University	United States
225=	University of BERGEN	Norway
225=	University of INNSBRUCK	Austria
227=	OTTAWA University	Canada
227=	Sciences Po PARIS	France
229=	GEORGE WASHINGTON University	United States
229=	Vrije University BRUSSELS (VUB)	Belgium
231=	TECHNION - Israel Institute of Technolog...	Israel
231=	Lomonosov MOSCOW STATE University	Russia
233	POHANG University of Science and Technol...	Korea, South
234	VICTORIA University of Wellington	New Zealand
235	CURTIN University of Technology	Australia
236	YONSEI University	Korea, South
237=	LOUGHBOROUGH University	United Kingdom
237=	University of TURKU	Finland
239=	SAINT-PETERSBURG State University	Russia
239=	Technische Universität DARMSTADT	Germany
239=	Pontificia Universidad Católica de CHILE...	Chile
242	MASSEY University	New Zealand
243=	Technische Universität DRESDEN	Germany
243=	School of Oriental and African Studies, ...	United Kingdom
243=	KOREA University	Korea, South
246=	STOCKHOLM University	Sweden
246=	Universiti MALAYA (UM)	Malaysia
248=	NORTH CAROLINA STATE University	United States
248=	University of ATHENS	Greece
248=	Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VIRGINIA...	United States
248=	YORK University	Canada
252	University of STRATHCLYDE	United Kingdom
253	FLORIDA STATE University	United States
254	University of DELHI	India
255	University of HAWAII	United States
256=	DREXEL University	United States
256=	The HONG KONG Polytechnic University	Hong Kong
258	Universidad Autònoma de BARCELONA	Spain
259=	University of CALIFORNIA, Santa Cruz	United States
259=	University of Technology, SYDNEY	Australia
261	University of UTAH	United States
262	University of LIEGE	Belgium
263	Universität ULM	Germany
264=	University of BUENOS AIRES	Argentina
264=	University of TASMANIA	Australia
266	ASTON Business School	United Kingdom
267=	KUOPIO University	Finland
267=	Université Paris-Sud, PARIS XI	France
269	Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (I...	India
270=	Universität WÜRZBURG	Germany
270=	Universität ERLANGEN-NÜRNBERG	Germany
272	University of ESSEX	United Kingdom
273=	NAGASAKI University	Japan
273=	STOCKHOLM School of Economics	Sweden
275	Université Joseph-Fourier, GRENOBLE I	France
276=	Göteborg University	Sweden
276=	IOWA STATE University	United States
276=	Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitä...	Germany
279	Karl-Franzens-University GRAZ	Austria
280	LAVAL University	Canada
281	University of KANSAS	United States
282=	University of ALABAMA	United States
282=	University of the WITWATERSRAND	South Africa
284=	MAHIDOL University	Thailand
284=	CHIBA University	Japan
286=	WASHINGTON STATE University	United States
286=	University College CORK	Ireland
286=	BEN GURION University of the Negev	Israel
289	University of TENNESSEE	United States
290	CHARLES University	Czech Republic
291	University of SOUTH AUSTRALIA	Australia
292=	University of TROMSO	Norway
292=	BRUNEL University	United Kingdom
292=	Universität LEIPZIG	Germany
295=	Université Paris-Sorbonne (PARIS IV)	France
295=	University of GEORGIA	United States
297	Universität BAYREUTH	Germany
298	University of CALIFORNIA, Riverside	United States
299	UMEÅ University	Sweden
300	DUBLIN City University	Ireland
301=	University of MONTPELLIER II - Sciences ...	France
301=	NORWEGIAN University of Science and Tech...	Norway
303	College of WILLIAM & MARY	United States
304=	University of MANITOBA	Canada
304=	Vrije Universiteit AMSTERDAM	Netherlands
306	Universidad Autónoma de MADRID	Spain
307=	Universiti Sains MALAYSIA (USM)	Malaysia
307=	Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (II...	India
309=	GRIFFITH University	Australia
309=	Universiti Kebangsaan MALAYSIA (UKM)	Malaysia
311	Universität KONSTANZ	Germany
312=	Universidad de CHILE	Chile
312=	University of PADUA	Italy
312=	Universität DÜSSELDORF	Germany
312=	Universität BIELEFELD	Germany
316	Universität JENA	Germany
317	University of SOUTHERN DENMARK	Denmark
318	SHOWA University	Japan
319=	University of COIMBRA	Portugal
319=	University of Cologne	Germany
319=	University of NAVARRA	Spain
319=	University of WAIKATO	New Zealand
319=	University of TAMPERE	Finland
324	TIANJIN University	China
325	University of PISA	Italy
326	COLORADO STATE University	United States
327	WHU Otto Beisheim School of Management -...	Germany
328	University of CONNECTICUT	United States
329	University of FLORENCE	Italy
330	Johannes Gutenberg University MAINZ	Germany
331=	GUNMA University	Japan
331=	JAGIELLONIAN University	Poland
333	Ruhr-Universität BOCHUM	Germany
334	National TSING HUA University	Taiwan
335	TOKYO Metropolitan University	Japan
336=	University of QUEBEC	Canada
336=	National CHENG KUNG University	Taiwan
338	Federal University of RIO DE JANEIRO	Brazil
339=	Universitat POMPEU FABRA	Spain
339=	University of MÜNSTER	Germany
341=	Universität MARBURG	Germany
341=	Universidade Nova de LISBOA	Portugal
343=	University of DELAWARE	United States
343=	Politecnico di MILANO	Italy
345=	WARSAW University	Poland
345=	GIFU University	Japan
345=	SAARLAND University	Germany
345=	CARLETON University	Canada
349	University of BRADFORD	United Kingdom
350	LOYOLA University Chicago	United States
351=	DUBLIN Institute of Technology	Ireland
351=	University of OREGON	United States
351=	FLINDERS University	Australia
354=	YOKOHAMA NATIONAL University	Japan
354=	University of OULU	Finland
356=	National Technical University of ATHENS	Greece
356=	University of East Anglia (UEA)	United Kingdom
358=	City University of NEW YORK	United States
358=	University of NEW MEXICO	United States
360=	University of TOULOUSE III - Paul Sabati...	France
360=	Universitas GADJAH MADA	Indonesia
362=	University of ST GALLEN	Switzerland
362=	University of SOUTH CAROLINA	United States
364=	Universität BREMEN	Germany
364=	Science University TOKYO	Japan
364=	OSAKA CITY University	Japan
364=	Universiti Putra MALAYSIA (UPM)	Malaysia
368	Johannes Kepler University LINZ	Austria
369=	BANDUNG Institute of Technology	Indonesia
369=	Université PARIS I - Panthéon Sorbonne	France
371=	LINKÖPING University	Sweden
371=	WARSAW University of Technology	Poland
373	University of OKLAHOMA	United States
374=	DEAKIN University	Australia
374=	University of JYVÄSKYLÄ	Finland
374=	University of TRIESTE	Italy
377	OKAYAMA University	Japan
378=	Universität REGENSBURG	Germany
378=	University of KENTUCKY	United States
380	SUNG KYUN KWAN University	Korea, South
381=	YESHIVA University	United States
381=	University of MISSOURI	United States
383=	Technische Universität BRAUNSCHWEIG	Germany
383=	Leibniz Universität HANNOVER	Germany
383=	CONCORDIA University	Canada
386=	KUMAMOTO University	Japan
386=	NORTHEASTERN University	United States
388=	Università degli Studi di PAVIA	Italy
388=	Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KIEL	Germany
390	ISTANBUL Technical University	Turkey
391	Université PARIS V - Descartes	France
392	Universität MANNHEIM	Germany
393	Universitat de VALENCIA	Spain
394	University of SIENA	Italy
395	University of INDONESIA	Indonesia
396=	Martin-Luther-Universität HALLE-WITTENBE...	Germany
396=	GEORGIA STATE University	United States
398=	SOGANG University	Korea, South
398=	National CENTRAL University	Taiwan
398=	University of the PHILIPPINES	Philippines

رتبه دانشگاه ارومیه در سال 2005 از نظر indexed در Altavista

Table 6. Web Impact Factors for Iranian university web sites with more than 1000 pages indexed by AltaVista

University	W (A/D) Web Impact Factor (overall WIF)	A Links to web site (total)	B Inlinks to site, without self-links	C Self-links to web site	D Web pages indexed by Alta Vista	E (B/D) Revised Web Impact Factor	F Inlinks coming from domains except IR (Iran)	G English pages in the web site	H Links to site coming from English pages
Iran University of Science & Technology	16.19	23800	21500	367	1470	14.63	2500	1170	2370
University of Tehran	4.60	46500	43100	421	10100	4.27	26600	7430	26100
Isfahan University of Technology	12.86	19800	4620	720	1540	3.00	2690	1260	1880
Sharif University of Technology	2.79	34900	33200	236	12500	2.66	27100	11000	11700
Ferdowsi University of Mashad	3.21	26700	21700	2160	8320	2.61	2210	1450	2140
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences	11.76	22000	2990	1000	1870	1.60	2190	1590	2750
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences	1.50	1550	1220	318	1030	1.18	417	746	943
Shiraz University	3.05	10600	3130	1670	3470	0.90	1610	2790	4850
University of Tabriz	1.53	2350	1250	923	1540	0.81	982	900	1050
Imam Sadiq University	1.64	1930	701	1140	1180	0.59	571	360	537
Tehran University of Medical Sciences	2.26	9950	2280	1940	4400	0.52	1350	1660	1850
Shahid Chamran University	1.04	1640	656	925	1580	0.42	518	1410	1080
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences	1.12	1380	430	904	1230	0.35	306	748	752
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences	0.97	2100	722	1280	2170	0.33	545	1110	923
University of Kashan	0.70	3490	1470	1290	4980	0.30	506	2820	2200
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences	1.43	3680	501	2430	2570	0.19	344	1760	2000
Tarbiat Modarres University	1.71	22400	2260	8900	13100	0.17	1680	7170	7440
University of Isfahan	0.93	12600	2110	5470	13600	0.16	1280	7640	8900
Payame Noor University, Tehran	0.94	8320	1430	2210	8870	0.16	1200	2560	1880
Baghyatoolah Medical Sciences University	1.12	1930	221	1640	1730	0.13	163	662	710
Arak University of Medical Sciences	1.10	1370	143	1220	1240	0.12	99	10	65

Table 7. Web Impact Factors for Iranian university sites with 500-1000 pages indexed by AltaVista

University	W (A/D) Web Impact Factor (overall WIF)	A Links to web site (total)	B Inlinks to site, without self-links	C Self-links to web site	D Web pages indexed by Alta Vista	E (B/D) Revised Web Impact Factor	F Inlinks coming from domains except IR (Iran)	G English pages in the web site	H Links to site coming from English pages
Khaje-Nassir-Toosi University	8.10	4530	3400	181	559	6.08	2420	459	925
Bu Ali Sina University	3.04	2430	1880	451	799	2.35	1230	785	1270
Amir Kabir University of Technology	4.04	3900	2070	814	966	2.14	1750	586	1420
Petroleum University of Technology	1.88	1390	821	524	740	1.11	650	605	723
University of Guilan	1.95	1410	743	633	724	1.03	565	150	811
Urmia University	1.82	1210	646	544	664	0.97	450	367	580
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman	1.43	912	567	320	637	0.89	265	475	557
Kerman University of Medical Sciences	0.78	619	491	101	794	0.62	171	482	209
Zanjan University	1.12	632	330	287	565	0.58	262	417	585
Zahedan University of Medical Sciences	1.18	1130	531	562	955	0.56	396	637	595
University of Sistan & Baluchestan	1.23	918	404	497	744	0.54	292	499	416
Alzahra University	1.30	730	272	455	560	0.49	161	514	572

Table 8. Web Impact Factors for Iranian university sites with 100-500 pages indexed by AltaVista

University	W (A/D) Web Impact Factor (overall WIF)	A Links to web site (total)	B Inlinks to site, without self-links	C Self-links to web site	D Web pages indexed by Alta Vista	E (B/D) Revised Web Impact Factor	F Inlinks coming from domains except IR (Iran)	G English pages in the web site	H Links to site coming from English pages
Islamic Azad University, Tehran (South)	6.33	1710	1450	226	270	5.37	1190	0	787
Semnan University	4.48	484	407	70	108	3.77	325	0	140
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences	4.08	812	730	92	199	3.67	515	90	314
Iran University of Medical Sciences	3.54	1280	940	295	362	2.60	869	331	655
Yazd University	3.28	708	477	214	216	2.21	362	178	340
Shahrood University of Technology	2.97	617	409	182	208	1.97	301	141	247
Zanjan University of Medical Sciences	2.39	667	460	54	279	1.64	339	111	164
Sahand University of Technology	2.03	268	198	64	132	1.50	116	79	150
Guilan University of Medical Sciences	2.26	1110	648	360	492	1.32	464	329	460
Shahrekord University	1.92	309	212	95	161	1.32	120	159	187
Hadith Science College	2.00	240	155	85	120	1.29	136	0	15
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences	1.24	191	162	29	154	1.05	60	47	66
Kerman Khaje-Nasir Higher Education Center	1.84	773	383	390	419	0.91	376	384	573
Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences	1.56	289	131	152	185	0.71	78	39	91
Razi University	1.55	660	273	385	425	0.64	221	136	279
University of Mazandaran	1.28	551	258	293	429	0.60	141	216	253
Malek Ashtar University of Technology	1.43	181	75	108	127	0.59	60	67	73
University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences	1.55	559	198	350	360	0.55	178	200	350
Babol University of Medical Sciences	1.08	373	181	191	344	0.53	113	112	145
Semnan University of Medical Sciences	1.03	161	81	79	157	0.52	51	124	95
Kashan University of Medical Sciences	1.50	386	127	254	258	0.49	104	77	124
Sabzevar School of Medical Sciences	0.80	117	68	51	146	0.47	47	20	20
Lorestan University	0.97	196	74	125	203	0.36	61	43	21
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences	1.08	184	58	126	170	0.34	36	68	74
Yasuj University	1.23	200	47	148	162	0.29	34	156	161
Islamic Azad University, Hamedan	1.19	531	90	433	448	0.20	76	4	38

Table 9. Web Impact Factors for Iranian university sites with less than 100 pages indexed by AltaVista

University	W (A/D) Web Impact Factor (overall WIF)	A Links to web site (total)	B Inlinks to site, without self-links	C Self-links to web site	D Web pages indexed by Alta Vista	E (B/D) Revised Web Impact Factor	F Inlinks coming from domains except IR (Iran)	G English pages in the web site	H Links to site coming from English pages
Hamedan University of Medical Sciences	231.50	463	463	0	2	231.50	355	1	111
Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences	230.67	692	692	0	3	230.67	566	2	159
University of Birjand	60.00	120	117	3	2	58.50	89	2	66
Kurdistan University	57.00	57	57	1	1	57.00	23	0	11
Kish University	38.67	116	115	1	3	38.33	87	3	65
Shahed University	44.00	44	36	0	1	36.00	35	0	26
Shahid Beheshti University	34.62	1800	1750	29	52	33.65	1470	46	748
Allame Tabataba'ee University	32.10	321	305	18	10	30.50	296	5	126
ValiAsr University of Rafsanjan	30.00	30	30	1	1	30.00	18	0	12
Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University	26.50	53	51	2	2	25.50	43	1	38
Mofid University	20.86	146	140	8	7	20.00	111	7	65
Imam Hossein University	18.22	164	149	0	9	16.56	110	9	60
Bushehr University of Medical Sciences	16.00	16	16	0	1	16.00	8	1	6
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources	16.33	147	139	7	9	15.44	126	6	53
University of Zabol	18.00	54	46	8	3	15.33	39	1	15
Arak University	13.31	346	326	25	26	12.54	242	3	82
International University of Chabahar	12.70	127	119	9	10	11.90	100	10	56
Comprehensive University of Applied & Practical Sciences, Khorasan	12.00	12	11	1	1	11.00	6	0	4
School of International Relations	11.93	179	164	16	15	10.93	137	5	50
Qazvin University of Medical Sciences	10.14	71	67	4	7	9.57	45	4	35
University of Art, Tehran	10.77	280	237	33	26	9.12	171	24	126
Lorestan University of Medical Sciences	9.78	88	81	7	9	9.00	46	0	32
Imam Khomeini International University	9.58	230	207	22	24	8.63	168	13	54
Ilam University	7.71	131	121	9	17	7.12	92	0	33
Bagher Aloloum University	6.75	27	24	4	4	6.00	22	0	6
Islamic Azad University, Shiraz	6.00	48	43	5	8	5.38	39	7	25
Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences	5.96	167	147	29	28	5.25	105	2	71
University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil	13.00	13	5	0	1	5.00	1	0	0
Hormozgan University	5.71	97	81	16	17	4.76	53	17	46
Qom University of Medical Sciences	5.50	11	9	2	2	4.50	4	0	6
Qom University	4.00	40	38	2	10	3.80	21	3	21
Urmia University of Medical Sciences	3.38	189	144	45	56	2.57	93	43	103
Shomal University	2.73	194	152	41	71	2.14	149	33	62
Damghan University of Basic Sciences	3.00	60	40	20	20	2.00	32	0	21
Ashrafi Isfahani Academic Institute	3.00	18	12	6	6	2.00	9	0	3
Tarbiat Moallem University	2.95	271	174	87	92	1.89	152	75	130
Gonabad University of Medical Sciences	2.95	16	13	3	7	1.86	5	3	13
Islamic Azad University, Tehran (Central)	3.11	59	35	5	19	1.84	32	0	16
Tarbiat Moallem University of Sabzevar	2.18	135	109	26	62	1.76	85	24	37
School of Economic Affairs	2.09	48	40	10	23	1.74	24	19	21
Shiraz University of Applied Science & Technology	2.33	35	21	13	15	1.40	20	1	5
Mazandaran University of Sciences and Technology	1.63	13	11	1	8	1.38	6	0	3
Yasuj University of Medical Sciences	2.07	145	84	64	70	1.20	53	0	17
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences	2.05	78	45	33	38	1.18	29	18	29
Fasa Faculty of Medical Sciences	1.69	127	85	46	75	1.13	51	67	85
Comprehensive University of Applied & Practical Sciences, Tehran	2.03	79	43	35	39	1.10	40	0	9
Payame Noor University, Shiraz	1.84	46	24	23	25	0.96	19	9	12
Birjand University of Medical Sciences	1.43	96	59	36	67	0.88	40	18	31
Sadjad Institute of Higher Education	1.71	168	84	86	98	0.86	73	12	25
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences	1.80	36	17	13	20	0.85	6	1	15
University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz	0.83	34	34	1	41	0.83	10	37	19
Persian Gulf University	1.47	47	25	22	32	0.78	19	27	32
Qeshm Institute of Higher Education	1.23	81	41	43	66	0.62	19	46	52
Ahvaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences	1.01	98	55	43	97	0.57	6	10	5
Azarbaidjan University of Tarbiat Moallem	0.96	23	13	9	24	0.54	10	11	12
Ilam University of Medical Sciences	0.63	19	5	14	30	0.17	4	0	3
Golestan University of Medical Sciences	0.69	20	5	15	29	0.17	4	1	9
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences	1.04	85	4	80	82	0.05	2	0	0

Apple and bıofuel!!!

Oct. 30, 2007

Apple, biofuel and invasive species programs are some newly funded research and extension projects

By Lauren Chambliss

Research projects on biofuels, apples and teaching youths to cook to promote healthy eating are just a few of the 94 new research and extension programs that will be funded this year with more than $1.9 million from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service.

Rob Way/Cornell

Cornell researchers have received new funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to study new prevention and intervention strategies to benefit processed apple products, one of New York's largest agricultural products.

The money will be disbursed to new research and extension projects in such diverse areas as human health, food safety, communicating in the Internet age, global climate change, renewable energy and agriculture. They include projects on:

• Biofuels -- finding the right mix of field grasses specifically for New York that will provide the best, most sustainable, economically efficient fuel source for the "green" energy revolution;
• West Nile virus -- investigating new methods of mosquito population control to reduce the threat of diseases transmitted to humans;
• Youth and health -- using cooking skills to promote healthy eating among youth;
• Invasive species -- keeping New York's lakes and rivers healthy and flowing by researching the ecosystem impact of invasive aquatic plants; and
• Apples -- promoting one of the state's largest agricultural products by creating new strategies to benefit processed apple products.

Appropriated by Congress under authority of the federal Hatch, Smith-Lever, McIntire-Stennis and Animal Health acts, these "federal formula funds" go to the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station (CUAES), New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva (NYSAES) and Cornell Cooperative Extension. The annual project awards primarily go to faculty at the Colleges of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Human Ecology and Veterinary Medicine.

The funds, provided yearly to Cornell as a land-grant institution, are a cornerstone of the university's overall research and extension portfolio, says Michael Hoffmann, CUAES director. The new projects will add to the overall portfolio directed by CUAES, NYSAES and CCE of approximately 300 projects, totaling $7.2 million. The federal dollars are even more important than the numbers would imply, he says, because they are frequently leveraged by researchers and extension educators to attract additional funding from other sources.

"We are very pleased to be able to fund such a large percentage -- nearly 80 percent -- of the requests we received," says Hoffmann. "The proposals this year were unusually exciting in that they included cutting-edge issues that are vital to New Yorkers and will make a difference in people's lives."

The awards are determined by a competitive process, starting with priorities set by outside stakeholders from across New York representing community planners, farmers, health and human safety experts, youth coordinators, regulators and CCE executive directors, among others. CUAES directs its research portion of the portfolio with the explicit intention of maximizing positive impact on individuals, families, communities, enterprises, decision makers and the environment, says Hoffmann.

نگاهی گذرا به جایگاه بیوتکنولوژی و کشت بافت گیاهی

نگاهی گذرا به جایگاه بیوتکنولوژی و کشت بافت گیاهی

بیوتکنولوژی و کشت بافت گیاهان یکی  از گرایشهای جالب و موفق در علم کشاورزی است.

طی صد سال گذشته به دلیل گسترش اطلاعات درباره فرایندهای بیولوژیکی و با به کار گیری این اطلاعات در زمینه های برنامه های بهنژادی تولید اغلب گیاهان به خصوص گیاهان زراعی افزایش پیدا کرده البته نیاز به تولید بیشتر همواره وجود دارد!

اصلاح ژنتیکی گیاهان به روشهای معمول مانند پرورش و سلکسیونها در مواردی با موانعی همراه بوده که به کار گیری این روشهای جدید تر مانند کشت بافت می تواند بعضی از این مشکلات را برطرف کند.

از این تکنیک می توان در امتزاج سیتوپلاسم به منظور تولید هیبریدهای غیر جنسی " ازدیاد سریع گونه هایی که امکان تکثیر آنها به روش معمول با مشکل مواجه است " نجات جنین گیاهی در تلاقی های بین گونه ای که (در اغلب موارد در حالت طبیعی از بین می روند)" و یا کمک به عکس اعمل بهتر گیاه در تنشهای محیطی و غیر محیطی استفاده کرد.

از سال ۱۹۷۵ میلادی کشت در شرایط آزمایشگاه در لوله آزمایش(in vitro)پیشرفت قابل توجه ای کرده است.

روشهای آزمایشگاهی برای کشت جنین جوانه مریستم و پروتوپلاست و..در محیط استریل ابداع شد در واقع کشت در شرایط in vitro ابزار مناسبی برای رسیدن به هدفهای ناممکنی است که در شرایط in vivo یا همان شرایط طبیعی وجود ندارد.

در کشورهای پیشرفته از همین روش تولیدات سالانه گیاهی خود را از ۵ میلیون گیاه بالغ بر ۵۰ تا ۶۶ میلیون گیاه رساندند.

این از مطمئن ترین سریع ترین و پربازده ترین روشهای تکثیر گیاهان است که در کشور ما تازه قدمهایی در این جهت برداشته شده است.

انجمن            (.A.P.T.C&B     (INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR PLANT TISSUE CULTURE .در  سال ۱۹۶۳ در هلند از افراد متخصص و علاقه مند در زمینه کشت بافت گیاهی تشکیل شد که امروزه تعداد اعضائ این انجمن بالغ بر ۳۰۰ نفر از ۷۰ کشور دنیا رسیده است .

هر کشور نماینده ای از این انجمن دارد که هیات ریسه این انجمن در سمینار بین المللی یک کشور را برای مدت ۴ سال جهت انتشار خبرنامه تحقیقاتی انتخاب می کند . ما در ایران هم با نما ینده  این انجمن  آشنایی داریم البته نه به اندازه ای که افراد علاقه مند و دانشجویان کشاورزی از گرایشهای مختلف به خبرنامه ها دسترسی آسانی داشته باشند

برای علاقه مندان به آشنایی با این مرکز آدرس بین المللی این مرکز از این قرار است.

Dr.A.J.Kord,Secretary I.A.P.T.C.,plant biotechnology Divission Zaadunie Reseach .p.o.Box 26,1600 AA Enkhuizen,the Netherlands

Mendel's Genetics

Mendel's Genetics

	Hybridized domesticated horses

For thousands of years farmers and herders have been selectively breeding their plants and animals to produce more useful hybrids .   It was somewhat of a hit or miss process since the actual mechanisms governing inheritance were unknown.  Knowledge of these genetic mechanisms finally came as a result of careful laboratory breeding experiments carried out over the last century and a half.

Gregor Mendel    1822-1884

By the 1890's, the invention of better microscopes allowed biologists to discover the basic facts of cell division and sexual reproduction.  The focus of genetics research then shifted to understanding what really happens in the transmission of hereditary traits from parents to children.  A number of hypotheses were suggested to explain heredity, but Gregor Mendel , a little known Central European monk, was the only one who got it more or less right.  His ideas had been published in 1866 but largely went unrecognized until 1900, which was long after his death.  His early adult life was spent in relative obscurity doing basic genetics research and teaching high school mathematics, physics, and Greek in Brno (now in the Czech Republic).  In his later years, he became the abbot of his monastery and put aside his scientific work.

	Common edible peas

While Mendel's research was with plants, the basic underlying principles of heredity that he discovered also apply to people and other animals because the mechanisms of heredity are essentially the same for all complex life forms.

Through the selective cross-breeding of common pea plants (Pisum sativum) over many generations, Mendel discovered that certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics.  For instance, the pea flowers are either purple or white--intermediate colors do not appear in the offspring of cross-pollinated pea plants.  Mendel observed seven traits that are easily recognized and apparently only occur in one of two forms:

1.	flower color is purple or white	5.	seed color is yellow or green
2.	flower position is axil or terminal	6.	pod shape is inflated or constricted
3.	stem length is long or short	7.	pod color is yellow or green
4.	seed shape is round or wrinkled

This observation that these traits do not show up in offspring plants with intermediate forms was critically important because the leading theory in biology at the time was that inherited traits blend from generation to generation.  Most of the leading scientists in the 19th century accepted this "blending theory."  Charles Darwin proposed another equally wrong theory known as "pangenesis" .  This held that hereditary "particles" in our bodies are affected by the things we do during our lifetime.  These modified particles were thought to migrate via blood to the reproductive cells and subsequently could be inherited by the next generation.  This was essentially a variation of Lamarck's incorrect idea of the "inheritance of acquired characteristics."

Mendel picked common garden pea plants for the focus of his research because they can be grown easily in large numbers and their reproduction can be manipulated.  Pea plants have both male and female reproductive organs.  As a result, they can either self-pollinate themselves or cross-pollinate with another plant.  In his experiments, Mendel was able to selectively cross-pollinate purebred plants with particular traits and observe the outcome over many generations.  This was the basis for his conclusions about the nature of genetic inheritance.

Reproductive        structures of flowers

 

In cross-pollinating plants that either produce yellow or green pea seeds exclusively, Mendel found that the first offspring generation (f1) always has yellow seeds.   However, the following generation (f2) consistently has a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green.

This 3:1 ratio occurs in later generations as well.   Mendel realized that this was the key to understanding the basic mechanisms of inheritance.

He came to three important conclusions from these experimental results:

1.	that the inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors" that are passed on to descendents unchanged      (these units are now called genes )
2.	that an individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait
3.	that a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation.

It is important to realize that, in this experiment, the starting parent plants were homozygous for pea seed color.  That is to say, they each had two identical forms (or alleles ) of the gene for this trait--2 yellows or 2 greens.  The plants in the f1 generation were all heterozygous .   In other words, they each had inherited two different alleles--one from each parent plant.  It becomes clearer when we look at the actual genetic makeup, or genotype , of the pea plants instead of only the phenotype , or observable physical characteristics.

Note that each of the f1 generation plants (shown above) inherited a Y allele from one parent and a G allele from the other.  When the f1 plants breed, each has an equal chance of passing on either Y or G alleles to each offspring.

With all of the seven pea plant traits that Mendel examined, one form appeared dominant over the other.  Which is to say, it masked the presence of the other allele.  For example, when the genotype for pea seed color is YG (heterozygous), the phenotype is yellow.  However, the dominant yellow allele does not alter the recessive green one in any way.   Both alleles can be passed on to the next generation unchanged.

Mendel's observations from these experiments can be summarized in two principles:

1.	the principle of segregation
2.	the principle of independent assortment

According to the principle of segregation, for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring.  Which allele in a parent's pair of alleles is inherited is a matter of chance.  We now know that this segregation of alleles occurs during the process of sex cell formation (i.e., meiosis ).

Segregation of alleles in the production of sex cells

According to the principle of independent assortment, different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other.  The result is that new combinations of genes present in neither parent are possible.  For example, a pea plant's inheritance of the ability to produce purple flowers instead of white ones does not make it more likely that it will also inherit the ability to produce yellow pea seeds in contrast to green ones.  Likewise, the principle of independent assortment explains why the human inheritance of a particular eye color does not increase or decrease the likelihood of having 6 fingers on each hand.  Today, we know this is due to the fact that the genes for independently assorted traits are located on different chromosomes .

These two principles of inheritance, along with the understanding of unit inheritance and dominance, were the beginnings of our modern science of genetics.  However, Mendel did not realize that there are exceptions to these rules.  Some of these exceptions will be explored in the third section of this tutorial and in the Synthetic Theory of Evolution tutorial.

---

NOTE:  One of the reasons that Mendel carried out his breeding experiments with pea plants was that he could observe inheritance patterns in up to two generations a year.  Geneticists today usually carry out their breeding experiments with species that reproduce much more rapidly so that the amount of time and money required is significantly reduced.  Fruit flies and bacteria are commonly used for this purpose now.  Fruit flies reproduce in about 2 weeks from birth, while bacteria, such as E. coli found in our digestive systems, reproduce in only 3-5 hours

Probability of Inheritance

Probability of Inheritance

The value of studying genetics is in understanding how we can predict the likelihood of inheriting particular traits.  This can help plant and animal breeders in developing varieties that have more desirable qualities.  It can also help people explain and predict patterns of inheritance in family lines.

One of the easiest ways to calculate the mathematical probability of inheriting a specific trait was invented by an early 20th century English geneticist named Reginald Punnett .  His technique employs what we now call a Punnett square.  This is a simple graphical way of discovering all of the potential combinations of genotypes that can occur in children, given the genotypes of their parents.  It also shows us the odds of each of the offspring genotypes occurring.

Setting up and using a Punnett square is quite simple once you understand how it works.  You begin by drawing a grid of perpendicular lines:

Next, you put the genotype of one parent across the top and that of the other parent down the left side.  For example, if parent pea plant genotypes were YY and GG respectively, the setup would be:

                                        

Note that only one letter goes in each box for the parents.   It does not matter which parent is on the side or the top of the Punnett square.  

Next, all you have to do is fill in the boxes by copying the row and column-head letters across or down into the empty squares.  This gives us the predicted frequency of all of the potential genotypes among the offspring each time reproduction occurs.

In this example, 100% of the offspring will likely be heterozygous (YG).  Since the Y (yellow) allele is dominant over the G (green) allele for pea plants, 100% of the YG offspring will have a yellow phenotype, as Mendel observed in his breeding experiments.

In another example (shown below), if the parent plants both have heterozygous (YG) genotypes, there will be 25% YY, 50% YG, and 25% GG offspring on average.  These percentages are determined based on the fact that each of the 4 offspring boxes in a Punnett square is 25% (1 out of 4).  As to phenotypes, 75% will be Y and only 25% will be G.  These will be the odds every time a new offspring is conceived by parents with YG genotypes. 

An offspring's genotype is the result of the combination of genes in the sex cells or gametes (sperm and ova) that came together in its conception.  One sex cell came from each parent.  Sex cells normally only have one copy of the gene for each trait (e.g., one copy of the Y or G form of the gene in the example above).  Each of the two Punnett square boxes in which the parent genes for a trait are placed (across the top or on the left side) actually represents one of the two possible genotypes for a parent sex cell.  Which of the two parental copies of a gene is inherited depends on which sex cell is inherited--it is a matter of chance.  By placing each of the two copies in its own box has the effect of giving it a 50% chance of being inherited.

If you are not yet clear about how to make a Punnett Square and interpret its result, take the time to try to figure it out before going on.

Are Punnett Squares Just Academic Games?

Why is it important for you to know about Punnett squares?  The answer is that they can be used as predictive tools when considering having children.  Let us assume, for instance, that both you and your mate are carriers for a particularly unpleasant genetically inherited disease such as cystic fibrosis .   Of course, you are worried about whether your children will be healthy and normal.   For this example, let us define "A" as being the dominant normal allele and "a" as the recessive abnormal one that is responsible for cystic fibrosis.  As carriers, you and your mate are both heterozygous (Aa).  This disease only afflicts those who are homozygous recessive (aa).  The Punnett square below makes it clear that at each birth, there will be a 25% chance of you having a normal homozygous (AA) child, a 50% chance of a healthy heterozygous (Aa) carrier child like you and your mate, and a 25% chance of a homozygous recessive (aa) child who probably will eventually die from this condition.

If both parents are carriers of the recessive allele for a disorder, all of their children will face the following odds of inheriting it: 25% chance of having the recessive disorder 50% chance of being a healthy carrier 25% chance of being healthy and not have         the recessive allele at all

If a carrier (Aa) for such a recessive disease mates with someone who has it (aa), the likelihood of their children also inheriting the condition is far greater (as shown below).  On average, half of the children will be heterozygous (Aa) and, therefore, carriers.  The remaining half will inherit 2 recessive alleles (aa) and develop the disease.

If one parent is a carrier and the other has a recessive disorder, their children will have the following odds of inheriting it: 50% chance of being a healthy carrier 50% chance having the recessive disorder

It is likely that every one of us is a carrier for a large number of recessive alleles.   Some of these alleles can cause life-threatening defects if they are inherited from both parents.  In addition to cystic fibrosis, albinism, and beta-thalassemia are recessive disorders.

Some disorders are caused by dominant alleles for genes.  Inheriting just one copy of such a dominant allele will cause the disorder.  This is the case with Huntington disease, achondroplastic dwarfism, and polydactyly.  People who are heterozygous (Aa) are not healthy carriers.  They have the disorder just like homozygous dominant (AA) individuals.

If only one parent has a single copy of a dominant allele for a dominant disorder, their children will have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder and 50% chance of being entirely normal.

Punnett squares are standard tools used by genetic counselors.  Theoretically, the likelihood of inheriting many traits, including useful ones, can be predicted using them.   It is also possible to construct squares for more than one trait at a time.   However, some traits are not inherited with the simple mathematical probability suggested here.  We will explore some of these exceptions in the next section of the tutorial.

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دیروز سومین همایش گیاهان دارویی در حالی به کار خود پایان داد که متاسفانه کمبود تجربه در میان برگزار کنندگان همایش به شدت به چشم می خورد و این از شرایط محیط برگزاری تا شرایط کارگاهها و اختتامیه و نیز نحوه پذیرش مقالات به صورت پوستر و سخنرانی کاملا مشهود بود. متاسفانه در قسمت سخنرانی حتی برخی کثیری از سخنرانان مقالت زحمت نکشیده بودند تشریف بیاورند و مقاله خود را ارائه کنند. در مورد کارگاهها جدا بودن مراکز برگزاری کارگاهها از محل اصلی همایش بعنوان مثال کارگاه بیوتکنولوژی گیاهان دارویی در دانشگاه شاهد در اتوبان تهران - قم برگزار شد که برای اجراکنندگان کارگاه و شرکت کنندگان مشکلات زیادی را بوجود آورد. بالاخره همایش روز پنجشنبه تمام شد و ما نیز هم به عنوان اعضای برگزاری کارگاه آموزشی کاربرد بیوتکنولوژی در گیاهان دارویی و هم پس از ارایه مقاله به عنوان بررسی افزایش تولید مواد موثره گیاه شقایق الی فرا توسط تراریختی ژنهای کلیدی مسیر بیوسنتز با استفاده از روش بیان موقت در اخرین لحظات برگزاری در این همایش شرکت کردیم. تصمیمی برای شرکت در مراسم اختتامیه نداشتم ولی به اصرار عوامل اجرایی وارد مراسم اختتامیه شدیم که هنوز روی صندلیها آرام نگرفته بودیم که از طرف مجری به عنوان سخنران برتر بخش علوم پایه معرفی شدم که در نوع خود برایم جالب بود و با تشویق حضار تندیس همایش را از مسیولان همایش تحویل گرفتم.

بالاخره این همایش تمام شد ولی باید برگزارکننگان همایش بعدی در مورد انتخاب مقالات و محل برگزاری دقت بیشتری اعمال نمایند.

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